In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. [Specific Task Instruction: Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.]
1. 请列举任意三项伟大贡献或成就,并分析这些贡献和其所属领域中的过去成就之间有哪些联系。
回答:
1、自然科学领域 Inheriting Copernicus' achievment, Galileo, a scientist who inducted experimental method into scientific researches, invented telescope, which made people learn that the earth is not the center of universe. After many years, on the basis of Galileo's contribution, Newton founded the Law of Gravity, which explains the law of motion. Newton once claimed that If I have seen farther than others, that is because I stand on the shoulders of giants. The giants he referred to is the very knowledge in the field of physics accumulated by prior physicists, which helped him to achieve his systematic law of classical physics. 2、在社会科学领域 Aristotle, a famous philosopher, was believed by Greek citizens to know everything at that time. But where did the wisdom of Aristotle come from? One can find that Aristotle was a student of Plato's and many achievements of Aristotle were inherited, more or less, from Plato. What is more, most of the knowledge and wisdom of Plato came from Socrates, the teacher of Plato, also a famous Greek thinker.
2. 是否存在这样的情况:某人从未没有涉足过某领域,但却作出了对该领域发展有重大意义的贡献?如果有,请举例并分析贡献是如何作出的,与哪些其他因素或人物相关。
回答:
Planck, the famous physicist, graduated at age 17 and then first came in contact with the field of physics. Planck was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. Even his physics teacher advised him against going into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." However, he promoted Planck constant, Planck postulate and Planck's law of black body radiation in his physicist career and made great contribution to the newly discovered field of physics, quantum physics. Get rid of the dominance of traditional viewpoints and promote new ideas
3. 在一个领域中的成就会对之后在该领域的发展以及行为和思考产生哪些影响?请举例并简述。
回答:
随着科学家破译了遗传密码,人们对遗传机制有了更深刻的认识。现在,人们已经开始向控制遗传机制、防治遗传疾病、合成生命等更大的造福于人类的工作方向前进。--mende
positive: provide fundamental basis for the research field. eg.method of experiment with control group. 1中内容 negative: dominance of traditional views and disencouragement of innovation and new points may inhibit the development of any field. The progress of any field is a matter of subvertion or revise of traditional views. eg.Copernicus, subvert Aristotle's idea that ths sun is the center of the universe, rather than the earth. Galileo, questioned Aristotle's idea and proved that two balls with different weight may fall down to the ground at the same time from the same height, contributing to Newton's promotion of the Law of Gravity.
4. 过去的成就对新贡献有哪些影响?这些影响是否是不可替代的?如果是,请说明原因;如果不是,请给出替代过去成就的事物。
回答:
是新的研究的框架,是不可替代的一个人在对某一领域完全不了解的时候,虽然有时可能会对这个领域偶然产生很大的贡献和影响,但是多数情况下都是建立在基础之上的,站在巨人的肩膀上学习和探究,虽然前人的研究并不一定是对的,但是却给了我们一个证实或证伪的基础,科学就是不断地进行证伪的过程。当然,被过去的成就影响不一定就是缺乏创新精神的表象,相反,可能正因为探索这些经典科学的时候才会发现新的成就,往往只有在经典的理论在实际中得不到检验或产生矛盾时,人们才会有动机去寻求新的解释方式,进而产生新的成就