GRE 作文题目
来源于朗播用户:遗世帝尚双
People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. [Specific Task Instruction: Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.]
题目分析
翻译
人们的行为很大程度上是由自己不能驾驭的力量决定的。[说明:写一篇文章,讨论你同意或反对这个说法达到什么程度,并解释你选择这个观点的理由。在展开和支持你的观点时,你需要考虑这个说法可能在哪些方面成立或者不成立,并解释你所考虑的这些东西如何体现你的观点]
指导
本题讨论对个人行为负责相关的问题,题目认为个人行为并非是自己可以决定的,更多得是被外界左右。本题改编自老GRE的ISSUE93"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making",和老GRE的ISSUE156"Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live"有互通之处。在分析的过程中,可以从个人责任的意义以及是否必要,影响个人行为的因素,外界对个人行为的影响方面和具体形式、程度等方面展开思考。
1. 如果不存在“个人责任”这个概念,人们的学习、工作、生活以及整个社会的发展都会出现哪些问题?请举例并简述。
回答:
“个人责任”应当从两个方面来看,一个方面是个人的自我责任,另一个是社会责任。两者缺一不可,如果缺乏其中之一或两者无法协调平衡,那么会造成一个人的认知与周围环境的分歧,与邻居、同事、甚至家人之间出现冲突直至给社会带来不稳定因素。例:布雷维克挪威奥斯陆爆炸枪击事件。布雷维克仇视多元文化,把不少欧洲国家政治人物、政党、媒体和记者列入袭击目标“清单”,号称要杀死数万人,甚至想获取核武器。这与大部分挪威国民给世人形成的恬淡、包容的印象大相径庭。奥斯陆惨案震惊全球,人们将布雷维克视为极端反社会分子。这种个人责任两个方面的不平衡最终导致布雷维克不为社会道德所容。
2. 让个人为自己的行为负责对于社会有哪些好处?请举例并简述。
回答:
这里借用卢梭的“社会契约论”的思想,自然人之所以能够形成社会,是有赖于每个人参与到社会的构建并遵从人权契约这一基本前提的。那么按照这一前提假设来思考,个人为自己的行为负责实际上是遵守了社会契约的行为,这对于人类社会的维持和发展显然是有好处的。例如,在机场、餐厅等公共场所要低声交谈是人们的自我约束和社会意识的具体体现之一,这一行为虽然不会导致社会经济提升或其它非常明显的益处,但无疑可以营造良好的公共场所氛围,使得公共场所边际效益呈现递增趋势。不能否认的是,这种默认的负责行为对于社会和社会人来说都是有益的。
3. 人们的行为都受到哪些因素的影响?请举例并简述。(可从内因、外因两方面分别考虑)
回答:
人们的行为受到内因和外因的共同影响。
内因包括个人的能力极限、道德观念等;外因包括自然界的不可抗力、社会意识形态和公众舆论等。如1793年黄热病大流行,虽然当权者做出极大的努力来救助民众(我们应当承认在当时的条件限制下他们已经尽力了),从内因这个方面来说孟菲斯这个城市值得最好的待遇了;但考虑到当年科技水平的限制和瘟疫的大范围肆虐,当局在外因的限制下最终还是暂时收回了孟菲斯的特许状。
4. 外界因素在哪些情况下以何种方式影响着人们的行为?请举例并简述。
回答:
这样的例子处处可见,我们任意选取一个普通的生活场景来说,也许你的公司在硅谷,你作为公司的一名技术骨干今天必须要出席一场谈判会,这场谈判会的结果很可能直接影响到公司当年的业绩好坏。不幸的是恰好台风过境,没有一家航空公司、陆运公司或者个人愿意冒风险把你从女神像下运到公司去。这个时候虽然你不情愿,但你和你的公司都毫无疑问受到了不可抗力的影响。
5. 人们是否可以不顾外界环境的影响而进行自己的选择?如果可以,请举例;如果不可以,请解释原因。
回答:
同样还是上面的例子,即使你再焦急万分,你也明白你不能够拿着枪绑架某个人开车送你到目的地,因为这已经构成了犯罪-若你这样做了,那么你就是顾念着个人的自我责任,而忽略了社会责任,也就是说你违背了社会契约,那么作为惩罚,你可能面临一场官司。我们从基本假设出发,大多数正常人都会选择跟老板和谈判对方沟通,试图选择另外一个时间和场合来进行谈判,而不会按照第一直觉不择手段地冲到硅谷去,那么这就是外界环境的限制起了作用--尽管经过漫长的社会发展,很多限制已经根深蒂固到我们无法察觉的地步,但我们还是要承认这是社会环境一直在影响人类行为的结果。
其他用户的回答
作文
Every body is restricted by the outside world, cited the theory of social contrast( or compact) of Rousseau. Responsibility of one's behavior will more or less benefit the community and the society. Society is generally regarded as the relationship between human beings and their interaction with others and the environment, which acts on human powerfully. It is impossible that there is no interaction between human and nature, which means behaviors of human not only depend on their own choices but also influenced by external factors. Therefore, good behavior consequently contribute a friendly environment to the surrounding. For instance, people would turn down their volume in public, although they might be amplifiers at privacy. Such consensus then became the standard measure of the quality of one person.
The behavior of a person affects the society as well as himself. The circumscription is rather rigid that once breaking the rules, one will suffer penalty sooner or later. Black Vick, perpetrator of the shooting in Oslo, who listed quite a few celebrities into his devastating plan, and tried series tasks ranging from massive explosion to decimated killing, was locked in the dock then judged by law ultimately.
Both internal factors and external ones construct the frame of a person. The internal factors come in a variety of personalities, ranging from physical capability to moral sensibility.For external factors, force majeure, social ideology and public opinion are depicted as the dominant ones. The yellow fever emerged in 1793, which caused great destruction in Memphis, presented a case for synthesis of internal and external factors. The citizens and the government did everything they could to protect the city from slaughter, but the city still lost its charter considering the disability of contemporary technique to suppress deaths.
Assuming that you were the very vital person of a negotiation, which was crucial and decisive for both your career and your company. Then you have to travel a long distance but unfortunately hampered by a on-going tornado. Not a single vehicle, such as ship, airplane or car, was available, therefore, surely, you and your boss even your workmates were all influenced by force majeure however reluctant you were. You knew that fighting the tornado back is[was] impossible and changes must be made.You might call your boss and other participants to rearrange the schedule rather than rushed onto the shaking street instinctively. One cannot behave without restriction, although a large part of the regulation formed along with human civilization has been such subtle leaven that we can hardly notice it. Admittedly, our endeavors is appreciable when confronting with the natural catastrophe or social unfairness, which hindered the development of humanity. But can anyone tell for sure that such behaviors are free of outer influence? In conclusion, I stand for the view that people's behavior is not only one's own choice, but also the result of external effects.